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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="6" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="7" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="8" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="9" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="10" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_TotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_TotalShareholderRtnAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="11" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_PeerGroupTotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_PeerGroupTotalShareholderRtnAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="12" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:title="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_CoSelectedMeasureAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_CoSelectedMeasureAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="14" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="ecd_OtherPerfMeasureAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PvpTableTextBlock to ecd_OtherPerfMeasureAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="15" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AdjToCompAmt" xlink:label="ecd_AdjToCompAmt" xlink:title="ecd_AdjToCompAmt" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_MeasureName" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems to ecd_MeasureName" use="optional" priority="0" order="2" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_MeasureName" xlink:to="ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_MeasureName to ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems to ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="3" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems to ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="4" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems to ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="5" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:label="ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:title="ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_RecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_RecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems to ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDateAxis" xlink:label="ecd_RestatementDateAxis" xlink:title="ecd_RestatementDateAxis" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:to="ecd_RestatementDateAxis" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable to ecd_RestatementDateAxis" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:label="ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:title="ecd_IndividualAxis" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:to="ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable to ecd_IndividualAxis" use="optional" priority="0" order="1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:title="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:to="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_IndividualAxis to ecd_AllIndividualsMember" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:label="ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:title="ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_RecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_RecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems to ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" use="optional" priority="0" order="1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:label="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:title="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:to="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate to ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AggtErrCompAmt to ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AggtErrCompAmt to ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:label="ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:title="ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AggtErrCompAmt to ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="2" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AggtErrCompAmt to ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="3" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" xlink:label="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" xlink:title="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AggtErrCompAmt to ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" use="optional" priority="0" order="4" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" xlink:label="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" xlink:title="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" xlink:label="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" xlink:title="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:to="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate to ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:label="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:title="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt to ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="ecd_OutstandingRecoveryIndName" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt to ecd_OutstandingRecoveryIndName" use="optional" priority="0" order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" xlink:label="ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" xlink:title="ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt to ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" use="optional" priority="0" order="2" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt to ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="3" />
  </link:presentationLink>
  <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/AwardTimingDisclosure">
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" xlink:label="ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" xlink:title="ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" xlink:title="Presentation : ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems to ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" use="optional" priority="0" order="0" />
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